AS-116
KODAK AEROCOLOR III Negative Film 2444
KODAK AEROCOLOR III Negative Film 2444 is a
medium-speed, very fine-grain color negative aerial film.
This film has a wide exposure latitude and is specifically
TOTAL FILM THICKNESS
The nominal total thickness (unprocessed) of this film is
5.2 mils (0.132 mm). This includes emulsion—0.8 mil
designed for processing to a color negative only. Since this
(0.020 mm), base—3.9 mils (0.10 mm), and backing—
film does not have integral color masking, direct
0.5 mil (0.013 mm).
interpretation can be made from the negative. Objects are
recorded in colors complementary to their natural colors.
WEIGHT
The ESTAR Base provides flexibility, moisture
resistance, high tear resistance, and excellent dimensional
stability. KODAK AEROCOLOR III Negative Film 2444
has an abrasion-resistant emulsion, an antihalation
undercoat, and a dyed-gel backing.
The weight of AEROCOLOR III Negative Film 2444
(unprocessed), conditioned in equilibrium with 50 percent
relative humidity, is 0.04 lbs⁄sq ft (0.018 kg⁄sq ft).
The hardened emulsion permits high-temperature, rapid
processing in roller-transport processors, such as the
KODAK Aerial Color Processor, Model 1611, and the
KODAK EKTACHROME RT Processor, Model 1811, with
Quick-Change, using Process AN-6. This process consists of
selected KODAK EA-5 Chemicals and AN-6 Chemicals.
Processing can be easily tailored to optimize contrast for
specific applications.
SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY
This multilayer, color negative film is balanced for daylight
exposure.
SAFELIGHT
Total darkness is required.
This film is also compatible with Process C-41. It can be
processed in existing C-41 processors using either KODAK
FLEXICOLOR Developer or KODAK Developer
Replenisher, Process AN-6.
This film can be processed in rewind processing
equipment, such as the Morse M-10 developing outfit
(Military Designator: B-5), although this is not a primary
processing recommendation.
EXPOSURE
Aerial Film Speeds (EAFS or ISO A equivalent) should not
be confused with conventional film speeds, which are
designed for roll and sheet films used in pictorial
photography. The characteristics of aerial scenes differ
markedly from those of ordinary pictorial or ground scenes
because of the smaller range in subject luminance,
atmospheric haze conditions, and other factors. Therefore,
different film-speed parameters are used to relate
aerial-scene characteristics to practical exposure
recommendations.
APPLICATIONS
KODAK AEROCOLOR III Negative Film 2444 is for
general use in medium- to high-altitude aerial-mapping and
aerial-reconnaissance photography. It is suited for
geological, pollution, archeological, crop and forestry
studies; traffic control; city planning; railway, highway, and
hydraulic engineering; oceanography; and remote sensing, as
well as other areas where photogrammetry is used. It is also
well suited and recommended for use in digital film
recorders.
The KODAK Aerial Exposure Computer, KODAK
Publication AS-10, has been published based on the aerial
film speed criterion.
Nominal speed, daylight (no filter): EAFS or ISO A 125
(based on development for maximum contrast)
Note: The Aerial Film Speed given in this publication is
rounded to the nearest cube root of 2 step (equivalent to 1⁄3
stop).
BASE
Filters
3.9-mil (0.10 mm) ESTAR Base with a gel backing.
This film incorporates an integral ultraviolet-absorbing filter,
so color correction filters are not normally used. If necessary,
additional color-balance adjustment in the blue region can be
achieved using KODAK Haze Cutting Filters HF-4 or HF-5.
©Eastman Kodak Company, 2005
Chemicals
Replenishment and Wash Rates (4.2 fpm):
Process AN-6 uses the following KODAK EA-5 and AN-6
Chemicals:
Note: These rates have been rounded to the nearest usable
increment.
KODAK Developer Starter, Process AN-6
Models 1611 and 1811 with Quick Change
KODAK Developer Replenisher, Process AN-6
Film Width
Basic
KODAK EA-5 First and Second Stop Bath and
Replenisher
Solution/Step
Rate
(mL/ft2)
70 mm
5-in.
9 1/2-in.
(mL/min) (mL/min) (mL/min)
KODAK EA-5 Bleach and Replenisher
KODAK Aerial Color Fixer and Replenisher
KODAK EA-5 Stabilizer and Replenisher
AN-6
Developer*
110
200
105
195
195
350
365
665
Stop Bath
Wash
— 2 gal/min —
Notice: Observe precautionary information on product labels and
Material Safety Data sheets.
Bleach
90
90
160
175
300
335
Fixer
100
100
Final Wash†
— 2 gal/min —
Processing Sequence (4.2 fpm):
* The required rates will vary with the average exposure level. Make an
adjustment if the control strip density levels increase or decrease
substantially.
KODAK Aerial Color Processor, Model 1611
† Inject EA-5 Stabilizer and Replenisher into tank 16 (Model 1611) or tank
18 (Model 1811) of the final wash at a rate of 50 mL⁄min for all film
widths. In the Model 1611, this wash flows countercurrent to tanks 15
and 14. In the Model 1811, this wash flows countercurrent to tank 17.
Temperature
°F °C
106 ± 0.5 41.1 ± 0.3
Time
(seconds)
Solution/Step Tank No.
AN-6 Developer
Skip Tanks
Stop Bath
Wash
1, 2, 3
179.3
28.4
58.9
58.9
58.9
58.9
176.0
88.7
4 - 9
—
—
Bleach Regeneration
10
120 ± 5
120 ± 5
120 ± 5
115 ± 5
120 ± 5
145 ± 5
49 ± 3
49 ± 3
49 ± 3
46 ± 3
49 ± 3
63 ± 3
Regeneration of used EA-5 Bleach will reduce processing
solution costs and substantially reduce the amount of bleach
discarded to the sewer. Collection and treatment tanks for
bleach overflow solution and chemical testing capability are
required. A detailed laboratory procedure is available from
Eastman Kodak Company.
11
12
Bleach
Fixer
13
Final Wash*
14, 15, 16
—
Dryer
* Inject EA-5 Stabilizer and Replenisher into tank 16 of the final wash at a
rate of 50 mL/min for all film widths.
C-41 Processing
This film may be processed in KODAK FLEXICOLOR
Chemicals for Process C-41. To achieve results like Process
AN-6, extend the development time to 5’15” at 100°F (38°C)
with a basic replenishment rate of 94 mL⁄ft2. Shorter
development times may be used to achieve lower contrast, if
desired. Substitute AN-6 Developer using a developer time
of 2’56” at 106°F (41°C) for increased productivity.
KODAK EKTACHROME RT Processor, Model 1811,
Quick-Change
Temperature
Time
(seconds)
Solution/Step Tank No.
°F
°C
Skip Tanks
1, 2, 3
18.1
175.9
29.2
—
—
AN-6 Developer 4, 5, 6
106 ± 0.5 41.1 ± 0.3
Note: Do not use KODAK FLEXICOLOR Developer
LORR, as the low tank turnover would be insufficient to
maintain proper chemical equilibrium and sensitometric
control.
Skip Tanks
Second Stop
Wash
7 - 12
13
—
—
58.6
120 ± 5
120 ± 5
120 ± 5
115 ± 5
120 ± 5
140 ± 5
49 ± 3
49 ± 3
49 ± 3
46 ± 3
49 ± 3
60 ± 3
14
58.6
Bleach
15
58.6
Fixer
Final Wash*
Dryer†
16
58.6
17, 18
—
117.3
122.1
* Inject EA-5 Stabilizer and Replenisher into tank 18 of the final wash at a
rate of 50 mL⁄min for all film widths.
† Set air-damper control knobs at 8. The dryer temperature may require
adjustment depending on the ambient temperature and humidity
conditions in the processing area.
KODAK AEROCOLOR III Negative Film 2444 • AS-116
3
C-41 Processing Cycle
REWIND PROCESSING
Time
Temp
Note: This is not a primary recommendation.
FLEXICOLOR
Chemical
Basic Repl
min:sec
°C (°F)
(sec)
Rate (mL/ft2)
KODAK AEROCOLOR III Negative Film 2444 yields
optimum results with modern, high-temperature,
continuous-processing machines. It can be processed in
rewind equipment, although this method is not a primary
processing recommendation. Eastman Kodak Company no
longer offers packaged chemicals for such processing.
Customers wishing to use rewind equipment such as the
Gordon/Morse M-10 Developing Outfit (Military
Designator: B-5) may contact Aerial Imaging for
information on exposure, processing chemicals, process
cycles, and general recommendations.
3:15 to 5:15
(195 to 315)
38 ± 0.3
Developer
Bleach III
Wash
94
95
(100 ± 0.5)*
3:00 to 6:00
(180 to 360)
38 ± 3
(100 ± 5)*
1:05
(65)
24 to 41
(75 to 105)†
2900‡
95
4:20
(260)
38 ± 3
(100 ± 5)
Fixer§
3:15
(195)¶
24 to 41
(75 to 105)
Wash
2900‡
Stabilizer LF
—or—
Stabilizer III
1:05
(65)
24 to 41
(75 to 105)
95
PROCESS CONTROL
KODAK Control Strips, Process AN-6, are available and are
recommended for monitoring the processing of
AEROCOLOR III Film in roller-transport processors. For
detailed information on process control and troubleshooting,
refer to KODAK Publication Z-200, Using Processes AR-5
and AN-5 for KODAK Color Aerial Films.
Not over
60 (140)
Dry
As needed
* If you increase the bleach and fixer times to 6:30 or longer, you can
extend the temperature range to 75 to 105°F (24 to 41°C).
† In some processors, a lower wash-water temperature may affect solution
temperatures in adjacent tanks. Longer warm-up times may be needed.
If it affects developer temperature during processing, you may need to
use a higher wash-water temperature.
‡ Rates are for first wash and a two-stage countercurrent final wash.
Double these rates for a single-stage final wash.
§ Use a two-stage (two-tank) countercurrent fixer, preferably with the
same time in each tank. Agitation and filtration in each tank are required.
If your processor has a single fixer tank, using in-line electrolytic
desilvering will decrease the safety factor for adequate fixing.
PRINTING NEGATIVES
You can reproduce images made on AEROCOLOR III
Negative Film by using a variety of Kodak materials.
¶
If your squeegees are efficient enough to maintain a low fixer carryover,
you can reduce the wash time to 2:10.
For additional information using Process C-41, see
KODAK Publication Z-131, Process C-41 using KODAK
FLEXICOLOR Chemicals.
Color Transparencies
You can make transparencies directly (or by first scanning)
on KODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Clear Display
Material.
Development Options to Achieve Various
Contrasts
Adjust developer time/temperature per the table below to
achieve a variety of contrasts. When changing processor
transport speeds, be sure to adjust replenishment flow rates
accordingly, to maintain desired basic replenishment rates.
Color Prints
You can make prints directly (or by first scanning) on—
KODAK PROFESSIONAL PORTRA, SUPRA, and
ULTRA ENDURA Papers
KODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Transparency
Display Material
Time
Temp
°C (°F)
Approx.
Contrast Equivalent
ISO A
Developer min:sec
KODAK PROFESSIONAL ENDURA Metallic Paper
(sec)*
2:56
AN-6
(176)
41 (106)
41 (106)
38.9 (102)
38 (100)
38 (100)
38 (100)
0.90
0.80
0.65
0.90
0.80
0.65
125
100
80
2:17
AN-6
(137)
2:17
AN-6
(137)
5:15
Flexicolor
125
100
80
(315)
4:15
Flexicolor
(270)
3:15
Flexicolor
(195)
* Film must be completely immersed in developer. Includes immersion
time and transfer time to the next tank. Keep transfer time to 20 seconds
or less.
Note: Based on a 3-tank developer system in a Model 1611
or 1811 Processor, 2:56 = 4.2 fpm and 2:17 = 5.4 fpm.
4
KODAK AEROCOLOR III Negative Film 2444 • AS-116
DIMENSIONAL STABILITY
CURVES
The dimensional stability of aerial films is of particular
interest and importance in accurate mapping and in the
reproduction of maps.
Modulation Transfer Function
1000
100
Dimensional stability is an all-inclusive term. In
photography, it applies to size changes caused by changes in
humidity and in temperature, and by processing and aging.
The absence of solvent in ESTAR Base is one of the reasons
why ESTAR Base films show excellent dimensional stability.
The dimensional properties of ESTAR Base may vary slightly
in different directions within a sheet; the differences that may
exist, however, are not always between the length and width
directions.
70
50
B
G
R
30
20
Daylight
Exposure:
Process: AN-6
Densitometry: Diffuse visual
10
7
5
3
2
Temporary Dimensional Changes
1
Thermal Coefficient of Linear Expansion:
1
2
3
4 5
10
20
50
100 200
1000
0.001%
per degree F of change
per degree C of change
SPATIAL FREQUENCY (cycles/mm)
0.0018%
Humidity Coefficient of Linear Expansion (Unprocessed):
0.0025% per 1% change in relative humidity
Spectral Sensitivity
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1/25 second
Effective Exposure:
Permanent Dimensional Changes
Densitometry: Status M
Density: 0.2 above D-min
Processing Dimensional Change:
-0.02% to +0.01%
shrinkage to swell
Aging Shrinkage of Processed Film:
0.06%
0.03%
1 week at 120°F (49°C), 20% RH
Yellow-
Forming
Layer
1 year at 78°F (25.5°C), 60% RH
Magenta-
Forming
Layer
Cyan-
Forming
Layer
SIZE DATA AND ORDERING INFORMATION
Information on available sizes and minimum order
quantities of this film is available on the web at
Aerial Imaging
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
WAVELENGTH (nm)
*Sensitivity = reciprocal of exposure (ergs/cm2) required
to produce specified density
Eastman Kodak Company
343 State Street
Rochester, New York 14650-0505
(585) 724-4688
Toll-free in the US: (877) 909-4280
Note: The Kodak materials described in this publication used
with AEROCOLOR III Film are available from those dealers
normally supplying Kodak products. Other materials may be
used, but equivalent results may not be obtained.
KODAK AEROCOLOR III Negative Film 2444 • AS-116
5
KODAK AEROCOLOR III Negative Film 2444
Spectral Dye Density
Characteristic Curve, Developed for Medium Contrast
4.0
2.5
Peak Normalized at 1.0 Density
Daylight
Exposure:
Process: C-41, 4’15" Development Time
(or AN-6, 137 seconds, 41o C)
Densitometry: Status M
2.0
1.5
3.0
2.0
1.0
G
Yellow
Cyan
Magenta
1.0
0.5
0.0
B
R
0.0
400
F002_1083AC
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
4.0
F002_1085AC
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
WAVELENGTH (nm)
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
Characteristic Curve, Developed for Low Contrast
Characteristic Curve, Developed for Maximum Contrast
4.0
4.0
Daylight
Exposure:
Daylight
Exposure:
Process: C-41, 5’15" Development Time
(or AN-6, 176 seconds, 41o C)
Densitometry: Status M
Process: C-41, 3’15" Development Time
(or AN-6, 137 seconds, 38.9oC)
Densitometry: Status M
3.0
2.0
1.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
G
B
G
R
B
R
0.0
0.0
4.0
F002_1086AC
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
4.0
F002_1084AC
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
1.0
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
LOG EXPOSURE (lux-seconds)
NOTICE: While the sensitometric data in this publication are typical of production coatings, they do not represent
standards which must be met by Kodak. Varying storage, exposure, and processing conditions will affect results.
The company reserves the right to change and improve product characteristics at any time.
Aerial Imaging
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY • ROCHESTER, NY 14650-0505
KODAK AEROCOLOR III Negative
Film 2444
Kodak, Kodak Professional, Aerocolor, Duraclear, Estar, Ektacolor, Ektachrome,
Flexicolor, Gold, Panalure, Portra, Vericolor, and Wratten are trademarks.
Minor Revision 11-05
Printed in U.S.A.
KODAK Publication No. AS-116
TI 2527
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